# Metroid (NES) Random Password Generator # Author: Noëlle Anthony # License: MIT # Date: October 2019 # This uses http://games.technoplaza.net/mpg/password.txt as a basis for its password algorithm import random, sys from ananas import PineappleBot, hourly from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont class MetroidState: """ Stores the game state """ def __init__(self): # Alphabet is 64 characters - 6 bits per character self.alphabet = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz?-" # The password has different flags for "item available for pickup" and # "Samus has the item". I'm keeping them separate, but when the generator # selects an item as "picked up", that means Samus has it and it's not available. self.itemsCollected = { "Maru Mari": False, "Bombs": False, "Long Beam": False, "Ice Beam": False, "Wave Beam": False, "High Jump Boots": False, "Varia": False, "Screw Attack": False } self.samusHas = { "Maru Mari": False, "Bombs": False, "Long Beam": False, "Ice Beam": False, "Wave Beam": False, "High Jump Boots": False, "Varia": False, "Screw Attack": False } # Missile tanks are listed in the order in which they appear in the password, # NOT in zone order or in any reasonable collection order. self.missileTanks = { 1: False, 2: False, 3: False, 4: False, 5: False, 6: False, 7: False, 8: False, 9: False, 10: False, 11: False, 12: False, 13: False, 14: False, 15: False, 16: False, 17: False, 18: False, 19: False, 20: False, 21: False } # Likewise energy tanks are listed in password order. self.energyTanks = { 1: False, 2: False, 3: False, 4: False, 5: False, 6: False, 7: False, 8: False } # This may be left-to-right (Samus approaches from the right). I haven't checked. self.zebetitesDestroyed = { 1: False, 2: False, 3: False, 4: False, 5: False } # I'm not sure why I decided to segregate these by zone, except that that's how # truepeacein.space does it. self.doors = { "Brinstar": { 1: False, 2: False, 3: False, 4: False, 5: False }, "Norfair": { 1: False, 2: False, 3: False, 4: False }, "Kraid": { 1: False, 2: False, 3: False, 4: False, 5: False }, "Ridley": { 1: False, 2: False }, "Tourian": { 1: False, 2: False, 3: False } } # The next three are self-explanatory. self.kraidKilled = False self.ridleyKilled = False self.motherBrainKilled = False # The Kraid and Ridley statues rise when Kraid and Ridley are killed, but # their states are stored separately in the password. It's possible to # raise them without killing the bosses, granting early access to Tourian. self.kraidStatue = False self.ridleyStatue = False # Is Samus wearing her armor (False) or her swimsuit (True)? self.swimsuit = False # 0-255. You can have more missiles than 5*collected tanks (in fact, you # can only collect 21 tanks - thus 105 missiles - but can have up to 255 # missiles in your inventory). self.missileCount = 0 # How advanced is the game clock? After 3 hours you don't get the good ending. self.gameAge = 0 # There are five possible start locations: Brinstar, where you start, and # at the bottom of the elevator where you enter each subsequent zone. self.locations = ["Brinstar", "Norfair", "Kraid's Lair", "Ridley's Lair", "Tourian"] self.startLocation = 0 # Arrays to store the 144 bits that compose the password self.bitfield = [] self.initializeBitfield() self.fullbitfield = [] def initializeBitfield(self): """ Set the first 128 bits of the bitfield to 0. The remaining 16 bits will be set later. """ self.bitfield = [] for _ in range(128): self.bitfield.append(0) def toggleItem(self, itm): """ Mark an item as collected or uncollected. """ if itm in self.itemsCollected.keys(): self.itemsCollected[itm] = not self.itemsCollected[itm] self.samusHas[itm] = not self.samusHas[itm] else: print("Couldn't find item: {}".format(str(itm))) def toggleMissileTank(self, num): """ Mark a missile tank as collected or uncollected. """ try: num = int(num) except: print("{} is not a number".format(num)) return if num in self.missileTanks.keys(): self.missileTanks[num] = not self.missileTanks[num] else: print("Couldn't find missile tank: {}".format(num)) def toggleEnergyTank(self, num): """ Mark an energy tank as collected or uncollected. """ try: num = int(num) except: print("{} is not a number".format(num)) return if num in self.energyTanks.keys(): self.energyTanks[num] = not self.energyTanks[num] else: print("Couldn't find energy tank: {}".format(num)) def toggleZebetite(self, num): """ Mark a Zebetite stem as destroyed or intact. """ try: num = int(num) except: print("{} is not a number".format(num)) return if num in self.zebetitesDestroyed.keys(): self.zebetitesDestroyed[num] = not self.zebetitesDestroyed[num] else: print("Couldn't find Zebetite: {}".format(num)) def toggleKraid(self): """ Mark Kraid as killed or alive. """ self.kraidKilled = not self.kraidKilled self.kraidStatue = self.kraidKilled def toggleKraidStatue(self): """ Mark Kraid's statue as raised or lowered. If Kraid is killed but his statue isn't raised, you can't complete the game. """ self.kraidStatue = not self.kraidStatue if self.kraidKilled and not self.kraidStatue: print("WARNING: Kraid has been killed but his statue has not been raised.") def toggleRidley(self): """ Mark Ridley as killed or alive. """ self.ridleyKilled = not self.ridleyKilled self.ridleyStatue = self.ridleyKilled def toggleRidleyStatue(self): """ Mark Ridley's statue as raised or lowered. If Ridley is killed but his statue isn't raised, you can't complete the game. """ self.ridleyStatue = not self.ridleyStatue if self.ridleyKilled and not self.ridleyStatue: print("WARNING: Ridley has been killed but his statue has not been raised.") def toggleMotherBrain(self): """ Mark Mother Brain as killed or alive. If Mother Brain is marked as killed, the self-destruct timer won't go off when you reach her room. """ self.motherBrainKilled = not self.motherBrainKilled def toggleDoor(self, area, door): """ Mark a given red/yellow door as opened or locked. """ try: area = str(area) door = int(door) except: print("Area must be string, door must be a positive integer") return if area in self.doors.keys() and int(door) in self.doors[area].keys(): self.doors[area][door] = not self.doors[area][door] else: print("Couldn't find door {} in area {}".format(door, area)) def toggleSwimsuit(self): """ Determine whether or not Samus is wearing her armor. """ self.swimsuit = not self.swimsuit def newLocation(self, loc): """ Set a new starting location (0-4). """ try: loc = str(loc) except: print("Location must be a string") return if loc in self.locations: self.startLocation = self.locations.index(loc) else: print("Couldn't find location: {}".format(loc)) def collectedItems(self): """ List which items have been collected. Under this generator's rules, if Samus doesn't have an item, it's available to be picked up. """ o = [] for k,v in self.itemsCollected.items(): if v == True: o.append(k) if len(o) == 0: return "None" else: return ", ".join(o) def collectedMissiles(self): """ List which missile tanks have been collected. """ o = [] for k, v in self.missileTanks.items(): if v == True: o.append(k) if len(o) == 0: return "None" else: return ", ".join([str(b) for b in o]) def collectedEtanks(self): """ List which energy tanks have been collected. """ o = [] for k, v in self.energyTanks.items(): if v == True: o.append(k) if len(o) == 0: return "None" else: return ", ".join([str(b) for b in o]) def killedZebetites(self): """ List which Zebetite stems have been destroyed. """ o = [] for k, v in self.zebetitesDestroyed.items(): if v == True: o.append(k) if len(o) == 0: return "None" else: return ", ".join([str(b) for b in o]) def killedBosses(self): """ List which bosses have been killed. """ o = [] if self.kraidKilled: o.append("Kraid") if self.ridleyKilled: o.append("Ridley") if self.motherBrainKilled: o.append("Mother Brain") if len(o) == 0: return "None" else: return ", ".join(o) def raisedStatues(self): """ List which statues have been raised. """ o = [] if self.kraidStatue: o.append("Kraid") if self.ridleyStatue: o.append("Ridley") if len(o) == 0: return "None" else: return ", ".join(o) def inBailey(self): """ Show whether Samus is in her swimsuit or not. 'inBailey' refers to an old (false) explanation of the JUSTIN BAILEY password, in which a 'bailey' was English slang for a bathing suit, so with that password, Samus was "Just In Bailey" - i.e. in her swimsuit. """ if self.swimsuit: return "Yes" else: return "No" def openedDoors(self): """ List which red/yellow doors have been unlocked. """ d = {"Brinstar": 0, "Norfair": 0, "Kraid": 0, "Ridley": 0, "Tourian": 0} o = [] for k,v in self.doors["Brinstar"].items(): if v == True: d["Brinstar"] = d["Brinstar"] + 1 for k,v in self.doors["Norfair"].items(): if v == True: d["Norfair"] = d["Norfair"] + 1 for k,v in self.doors["Kraid"].items(): if v == True: d["Kraid"] = d["Kraid"] + 1 for k,v in self.doors["Ridley"].items(): if v == True: d["Ridley"] = d["Ridley"] + 1 for k,v in self.doors["Tourian"].items(): if v == True: d["Tourian"] = d["Tourian"] + 1 for k, v in d.items(): o.append("{} {}".format(k, v)) return ", ".join(o) def getBits(self): """ Return the bitfield in an easily-readable format. """ o = [] word = [] for i in range(128): word.append(str(self.bitfield[i])) if len(word) == 8: o.append("".join(word)) word = [] o1 = " ".join(o[:8]) o2 = " ".join(o[8:]) return o1 + "\n" + o2 def toString(self): """ Output the game state as a newline-delimited string. """ ic = "Items Collected: {}".format(self.collectedItems()) mt = "Missile Tanks Collected: {}".format(self.collectedMissiles()) et = "Energy Tanks Collected: {}".format(self.collectedEtanks()) zb = "Zebetites Killed: {}".format(self.killedZebetites()) kb = "Bosses Killed: {}".format(self.killedBosses()) rs = "Statues Raised: {}".format(self.raisedStatues()) sw = "Swimsuit?: {}".format(self.inBailey()) sl = "Start Location: {}".format(self.locations[self.startLocation]) dr = "Unlocked Doors: {}".format(self.openedDoors()) ms = "Missiles: {}".format(self.missileCount) pw = "Password: {}".format(self.password) return "\n".join([ic, mt, et, zb, kb, rs, sw, sl, dr, ms, pw]) def randomize(self): """ The randomizer! """ # Items if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleItem("Maru Mari") if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleItem("Bombs") if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleItem("Varia") if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleItem("High Jump Boots") if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleItem("Screw Attack") if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleItem("Long Beam") beam = random.randint(0,2) if beam == 1: self.toggleItem("Ice Beam") elif beam == 2: self.toggleItem("Wave Beam") # Missile Tanks for i in range(21): if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleMissileTank(i+1) # Energy Tanks for i in range(8): if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleEnergyTank(i+1) # Zebetites for i in range(5): if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleZebetite(i+1) # Bosses killed if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleKraid() if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleRidley() if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleMotherBrain() # Statues raised if not self.kraidKilled and random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleKraidStatue() if not self.ridleyKilled and random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.toggleRidleyStatue() # Doors # Brinstar 5, Norfair 4, Kraid 5, Ridley 2, Tourian 3 for i in range(5): if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.doors["Brinstar"][i+1] = True for i in range(4): if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.doors["Norfair"][i+1] = True for i in range(5): if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.doors["Kraid"][i+1] = True for i in range(2): if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.doors["Ridley"][i+1] = True for i in range(3): if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.doors["Tourian"][i+1] = True # Swimsuit # Samus has a 1/3 chance of spawning in her swimsuit. # There's no technical reason for this, just a personal choice. if random.randint(0,2) == 2: self.toggleSwimsuit() # Start Location self.startLocation = random.randint(0,4) self.missileCount = random.randint(0,255) def createBitfield(self): """ Create the 144-bit field from the game state that will generate the password. """ self.initializeBitfield() # Doing this in order, which is dumb and tedious but accurate. if self.itemsCollected["Maru Mari"]: self.bitfield[0] = 1 if self.missileTanks[1]: self.bitfield[1] = 1 if self.doors["Brinstar"][1]: self.bitfield[2] = 1 if self.doors["Brinstar"][2]: self.bitfield[3] = 1 if self.energyTanks[1]: self.bitfield[4] = 1 if self.doors["Brinstar"][3]: self.bitfield[5] = 1 if self.itemsCollected["Bombs"]: self.bitfield[6] = 1 if self.doors["Brinstar"][4]: self.bitfield[7] = 1 if self.missileTanks[2]: self.bitfield[8] = 1 if self.energyTanks[2]: self.bitfield[9] = 1 if self.doors["Brinstar"][5]: self.bitfield[10] = 1 if self.itemsCollected["Varia"]: self.bitfield[11] = 1 if self.energyTanks[3]: self.bitfield[12] = 1 if self.missileTanks[3]: self.bitfield[13] = 1 if self.missileTanks[4]: self.bitfield[14] = 1 if self.doors["Norfair"][1]: self.bitfield[15] = 1 if self.missileTanks[5]: self.bitfield[16] = 1 if self.missileTanks[6]: self.bitfield[17] = 1 if self.missileTanks[7]: self.bitfield[18] = 1 if self.missileTanks[8]: self.bitfield[19] = 1 if self.missileTanks[9]: self.bitfield[20] = 1 if self.missileTanks[10]: self.bitfield[21] = 1 if self.missileTanks[11]: self.bitfield[22] = 1 if self.doors["Norfair"][2]: self.bitfield[23] = 1 if self.itemsCollected["High Jump Boots"]: self.bitfield[24] = 1 if self.doors["Norfair"][3]: self.bitfield[25] = 1 if self.itemsCollected["Screw Attack"]: self.bitfield[26] = 1 if self.missileTanks[12]: self.bitfield[27] = 1 if self.missileTanks[13]: self.bitfield[28] = 1 if self.doors["Norfair"][4]: self.bitfield[29] = 1 if self.energyTanks[4]: self.bitfield[30] = 1 if self.missileTanks[14]: self.bitfield[31] = 1 if self.doors["Kraid"][1]: self.bitfield[32] = 1 if self.missileTanks[15]: self.bitfield[33] = 1 if self.missileTanks[16]: self.bitfield[34] = 1 if self.doors["Kraid"][2]: self.bitfield[35] = 1 if self.energyTanks[5]: self.bitfield[36] = 1 if self.doors["Kraid"][3]: self.bitfield[37] = 1 if self.doors["Kraid"][4]: self.bitfield[38] = 1 if self.missileTanks[17]: self.bitfield[39] = 1 if self.missileTanks[18]: self.bitfield[40] = 1 if self.doors["Kraid"][5]: self.bitfield[41] = 1 if self.energyTanks[6]: self.bitfield[42] = 1 if self.missileTanks[19]: self.bitfield[43] = 1 if self.doors["Ridley"][1]: self.bitfield[44] = 1 if self.energyTanks[7]: self.bitfield[45] = 1 if self.missileTanks[20]: self.bitfield[46] = 1 if self.doors["Ridley"][2]: self.bitfield[47] = 1 if self.energyTanks[8]: self.bitfield[48] = 1 if self.missileTanks[21]: self.bitfield[49] = 1 if self.doors["Tourian"][1]: self.bitfield[50] = 1 if self.doors["Tourian"][2]: self.bitfield[51] = 1 if self.doors["Tourian"][3]: self.bitfield[52] = 1 if self.zebetitesDestroyed[1]: self.bitfield[53] = 1 if self.zebetitesDestroyed[2]: self.bitfield[54] = 1 if self.zebetitesDestroyed[3]: self.bitfield[55] = 1 if self.zebetitesDestroyed[4]: self.bitfield[56] = 1 if self.zebetitesDestroyed[5]: self.bitfield[57] = 1 if self.motherBrainKilled: self.bitfield[58] = 1 # 59-63 unknown # not 64, 65, or 66 = Brinstar # 64 = Norfair # 65 and not 66 = Kraid's Lair # 66 and not 65 = Ridley's Lair # 65 and 66 = Tourian if self.startLocation == 1: self.bitfield[64] = 1 if self.startLocation == 2 or self.startLocation == 4: self.bitfield[65] = 1 if self.startLocation == 3 or self.startLocation == 4: self.bitfield[66] = 1 # 67 is the reset bit, I want all passwords to be valid # if self.: # self.bitfield[67] = 1 # 68-70 are unknown if self.swimsuit: self.bitfield[71] = 1 if self.samusHas["Bombs"]: self.bitfield[72] = 1 if self.samusHas["High Jump Boots"]: self.bitfield[73] = 1 if self.samusHas["Long Beam"]: self.bitfield[74] = 1 if self.samusHas["Screw Attack"]: self.bitfield[75] = 1 if self.samusHas["Maru Mari"]: self.bitfield[76] = 1 if self.samusHas["Varia"]: self.bitfield[77] = 1 if self.samusHas["Wave Beam"]: self.bitfield[78] = 1 if self.samusHas["Ice Beam"]: self.bitfield[79] = 1 # Missile count # +2^n from 0 to 7 binMissiles = bin(self.missileCount).replace('0b','')[::-1] while len(binMissiles) < 8: binMissiles += "0" if int(binMissiles[0]) == 1: self.bitfield[80] = 1 if int(binMissiles[1]) == 1: self.bitfield[81] = 1 if int(binMissiles[2]) == 1: self.bitfield[82] = 1 if int(binMissiles[3]) == 1: self.bitfield[83] = 1 if int(binMissiles[4]) == 1: self.bitfield[84] = 1 if int(binMissiles[5]) == 1: self.bitfield[85] = 1 if int(binMissiles[6]) == 1: self.bitfield[86] = 1 if int(binMissiles[7]) == 1: self.bitfield[87] = 1 # 88-119 are game age, let's randomize if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[88] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[89] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[90] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[91] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[92] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[93] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[94] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[95] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[96] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[97] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[98] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[99] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[100] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[101] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[102] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[103] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[104] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[105] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[106] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[107] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[108] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[109] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[110] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[111] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[112] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[113] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[114] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[115] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[116] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[117] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[118] = 1 if random.randint(0,1) == 1: self.bitfield[119] = 1 # 120-123 are unknown # I have no idea why these are at the end. I wonder if Kraid and # Ridley were relatively late additions to the game? (Or maybe # they were just implemented late in the game's development.) if self.ridleyKilled: self.bitfield[124] = 1 if self.ridleyStatue: self.bitfield[125] = 1 if self.kraidKilled: self.bitfield[126] = 1 if self.kraidStatue: self.bitfield[127] = 1 def generatePassword(self): """ Generate the password from the bitfield. This is a five-step process. 1) Reverse the order of each 8-bit byte to make it little-endian. 2) Cycle the entire bitfield 0-7 bits to the right. Append the number of shifts in binary to the end - again, little-endian. 3) Create the checksum by turning each byte into a decimal number, summing them, converting the sum *back* to binary, and taking the lowest 8 bits of that binary sum and adding it - BIG-ENDIAN - to the end. 4) Separate the bitstream into ***6-bit*** chunks and create a decimal number from each chunk (0-63). 5) Associate each decimal number with a letter from the Metroid Alphabet (listed at the top of __init__()). I'm not doing step 2 yet, which is equivalent to shifting 0 places and making the shift byte 00000000. """ # not gonna do the bit-shifting yet bitfield = self.bitfield bitfield = bitfield + [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] # add the zero shift byte self.fullbitfield = "".join([str(x) for x in bitfield]) newBitfield = [] for i in range(17): j = i * 8 k = j + 8 word = self.fullbitfield[j:k][::-1] # I thought [j:k:-1] should work but it doesn't newBitfield.append(word) decChecksum = sum([int(x, 2) for x in newBitfield]) bitfield = "".join(newBitfield) binChecksum = bin(decChecksum).replace('0b','') checksum = binChecksum[-8:] while len(checksum) < 8: checksum = "0" + checksum for bit in checksum: bitfield += bit letters = [] letter = [] for bit in bitfield: letter.append(bit) if len(letter) == 6: letters.append(self.alphabet[int("".join(letter),2)]) letter = [] words = [] word = [] for lt in letters: word.append(lt) if len(word) == 6: words.append("".join(word)) word = [] words.append("".join(word)) self.password = " ".join(words) return self.password def decodePassword(self, pwd): """ Sanity checking! This function decodes an input password back into a bitfield, so that you can check that it was properly encoded. Q: Why doesn't this display the game state? A: I trust that https://www.truepeacein.space properly encodes the game state. So when I create a game state with the randomizer, I can recreate that game state at TPIS and use the password generates as its input, to check against my randomized game password. In other words, this is a testing function, and in the intended use case I'll know what the input bitfield is and be able to check against it. """ densePwd = pwd.replace(" ","") numPwd = [] for chr in densePwd: numPwd.append(self.alphabet.index(chr)) bitPwd = [bin(x).replace("0b","") for x in numPwd] longBitPwd = [] for word in bitPwd: longword = word while len(longword) < 6: longword = "0" + longword longBitPwd.append(longword) newBitfield = "".join(longBitPwd) csm = sum([int(x) for x in newBitfield[:136]]) print(csm) for i in range(len(newBitfield)): print(newBitfield[i], end="") if i%8 == 7: print(" ", end="") if i%64 == 63: print() class MetroidPoster(PineappleBot): @hourly(minute=50) def postPassword(self): gs = MetroidState() gs.initializeBitfield() gs.randomize() gs.createBitfield() gs.generatePassword() post_text = gs.toString() img = self.createImage(gs.password) media_id = self.mastodon.media_post(img, description=gs.password) tootdct = self.mastodon.status_post(post_text, visibility = "unlisted", spoiler_text = "Metroid password: {}".format(gs.password), media_ids = [media_id]) print("Metroidgen scheduled: posted {}".format(gs.password)) with open("metroidgen.log", "a") as f: f.write("\n") f.write(tootdct) def createImage(self, pwd): pwd_chunks = pwd.split(" ") # This is safe because we'll never generate a password with a space in it pwd_lines = [] pwd_lines.append(" ".join([pwd_chunks[0], pwd_chunks[1]])) pwd_lines.append(" ".join([pwd_chunks[2], pwd_chunks[3]])) newpwd = "\n".join(pwd_lines) fnt = ImageFont.truetype('narpasfw.ttf', size=18) img = Image.new('RGB', (300, 100)) draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img) draw.text((50, 35), newpwd, font=fnt, fill=(190, 210, 255)) filename = 'images/{}.png'.format("".join(pwd_chunks)) img.save(filename) return filename